Social Work Theory and Methods of Intervention Essay Example for Free

Social Work Theory and Methods of Intervention Essay This piece of work will attempt to look at how a chosen Social Work method can be useful in case work intervention with an individual. It will look at the theory in detail with regards to its application in the client/worker relationship, taking into consideration issues of anti-discriminatory practice and the limitations which the method may have in delivering a holistic service. It will then consider the benefits of using another method in conjunction with the first in order to compliment this and provide more robust ministrations. The individual chosen from the case study is Michael. He is 15 years old and has recently been arrested along with two friends. This is not his first offence and he has intimated that he feels confused and has no-one to talk to. Additionally his relationship with family members is tentative at the present time and he has been blamed for the arrest by his friends. The method chosen in this instance is Cognitive Behavioural. This approach is concerned with the way we think. It makes the assumption that behaviour is directed by thoughts. Unlike many other concepts, which concentrate more on unconcious drives, feelings or internal conflict. Cigno and Bourne 1998, believe that most of what makes us individuals rather than clones, what shapes our personalities, including behaviour, emotion and cognition, is a result of what we have learned. This paradigm is rooted in behaviourist theory. Pavlov introduced classical conditioning after his work on physiological processes of digestion. This was a specifically centred around work with laboratory animals, which when observed in experiments began to develop associations and anticipations about food. Pavlov named this stimulus association learning. Operant conditioning is also part of this model, introduced by B. F Skinner 1953, it interposed the concepts of positive and negative reinforcment as a result of stimulus. He believed that almost any set of stimuli can aquire reinforcing or punishing associations through the consequences they bring Cigno and Bourne1998. Cognitive and behavioural theories are principles from two related streams of psychological writing, Payne 1997. Social learning theory (Bandura), focuses the fact that most behaviour is learned. However it goes further than behavioural theory by implying that peoples perceptions and thinking about their experiences and modelling what they see around them are vital to the process and interdependent to the feelings that they have regarding this. Basically Bandura believed that how we think has an affect on our behaviour and that both of these are open to change. The way we think about a situation mediates between the outside world and our inner self, Harrison and Butler 2004. People have the capacity to change and behaviour is assimilated by goals, Sheldon 1995. Cognitive behavioural programmes are based on the application of both social learning theory and cognitive theory to inform therapeutic methods, Cigno and Bourne 1998. This assessment would be done with the intention of helping Michael to see where he is at present with his own thought processes (hopes, fears,values) and to progress from these to try to make Michaels behaviour goal orientated, e. g getting Michael to think about offending in a different way and continuous reinforcment of a desired behaviour will work quickly to decrease in the behaviour which leads to offending, this promotes change in the thinking behind offending behaviour. Shaping can also be used, reinforcing small steps made toward a required behaviour. The worker also needs to challenge negative thought processes. Feedback needs to be encouraged so that Michael can see what he has achieved oustide sessions, Harrison and Butler 2004. Once the desired behaviour is achieved fading would be used to reduce the amount or type of reinforcement. This enables Michael to transfer his behaviour to other settings, Payne1997. The principle of self-talk can be tried out with Michael also. Cigno and Bourne 1998 indicate that children gain self-control over their actions as their inner speech develops. Using this formula in the form of self-talk can help with self-appraisal and self-support. Self-Instructional Training (SIT -Goldstein and Keller 1987) was developed with this as a central concept. This intervention can help to establish self control in young offenders, thus helping to decrease the arousal which may lead to offending behaviour. Beck et al 1985 followed on from Bowlbys (1977) work on attachment and loss and may take the stance that Michael has a sociotropic personality. This means that he values closeness and the loss of a relationship, a rejection or an experience of social deprivation could affect his mood and leave him feeling confused and isolated, Dryden1996. Hence the abnormal thought which lead to offending. Another use of cognitve techniques could be offered to Michael and his family in the form of Functional Family Therapy if his family were willing to participate. This focuses on family interaction. It uses contingency contracting as a means of changing family interaction in the case of young offenders. It can help to reduce recidivism and have a beneficial effect on the interactions between families. It has become increasingly evident

English Essay -- English Literature

English The Crucible Essay The Crucible, a tale of superstition and tyrannical oppression set to shake our complacency and make us think. Arthur Miller, the author of this compelling play, deals with controversial issues and subjects which could be classed as taboo such as infidelity and witchcraft. He has a rare talent when it comes to writing and conveying human emotions to his audience. Act 2 opens in the ‘common room’ of Proctor’s house. John Proctor arrives later than usual after a hard days work. Carrying his gun he enters the â€Å"low, dark and rather long living-room†. The stage directions not only suggest he is displeased with his food upon tasting it - he meddles with the pot situated on the fire: â€Å"Then he lifts out the ladle and tastes. He is not quite pleased†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - but also suggest that the setting in which this takes place is depressing and lifeless, symbolising the feelings that are conjured up in John when entering his ‘home’. The first words spoken between husband and wife are Elizabeth questioning his whereabouts in a very accusational way ‘What keeps you so late? It’s dark.’. There is no reaction from John just an honest reply as if Elizabeth had no double meaning to her inquiry, no Hi or Hello in sight. From then onwards basic chit-chat such as the farm and the weather ‘Pray now for a fair summer’ fill their conversation. The little conversation that they manage to force feels stunted and false as both John and Elizabeth are being too polite - not as man and wife should behave. John manages to eat a whole meal but they only speak six or more times leaving much of the time to be filled by uncomfortable silence. Elizabeth watches the reaction of her husband when he tastes her .. ... utter despair. The confession of John’s left her feeling vulnerable and alone. Her suspicion of her husband is so strong because of her low self-esteem and insecurities. Abigail threatens her. What is she to do? Everyday she is faced with the reminder that she wasn’t enough for the love of her life but she has no choice - she cannot leave. Society had not yet accepted even the concept of divorce, especially Practising Catholics like themselves. People judged their neighbours and it mattered about keeping up appearances. There would be no way Elizabeth could have confided in a ‘friend’ about her husband’s infidelity and there was absolutely no way she could walk out on her marriage - divorce was out of the question. Though it may be all dead and buried and laid to rest in John’s mind, for Elizabeth the wounds are just as deep as the day they were made.

Behn conveys both comedy and cruelty through the character of blunt Essay

â€Å"Behn conveys both comedy and cruelty through the character of blunt† explore bens presentation of the â€Å"Essex calf† in the light of this comment. You should base your answer on a detailed examination of two or more appropriate sequences of your choice. Blunt is a peripheral character, thus if you should take him out of the play there wouldn’t be too much of a loss. Nevertheless he is a humorous character and therefore brings comedy into the play. His humour is displayed by his actions, he can be perceived as a not very bright character as he falls for Lucetta and believes that she feels the same, despite warnings from his friends. He is not a cavalier like the others as he is a country squire form Essex who hasn’t gotten involved with the civil wars. Which is why he gets labelled an ‘Essex calf’ as he hasn’t any experience unlike the others and is also to some degree nai ve because he cant see he is getting exploited by Lucetta. Even though he is a peripheral character he still has the whole of act three in which he is the main character. This scene shows the cruelty and comedy, which Aphra Bhen tries to display. Blunts stupidity is used to Lucetta or rather her pimps advantage, as they know that they can steal his possessions and money. This is the cruelty of the scene, as he believes he is going to be with this woman who he is completely besotted with but ends up robbed and cast away into a sewer in his underwear. This however is also the humour of the play because it a rather situation to see but is quite the contrary for him, due to the fact that he is lost in a sewer, he’s dirty and in his underwear. Because of the incident in act three he is left in a foul mood and in total humiliation and his view of women is now a very narrow minded one where he sees all women as whores whether they are whores or virgins ‘as much as one as the other’ (4:5-36). Unfortunately Florinda Stumbles on him when his perception is women is of that, and he therefore decides to take his revenge in the heat of the moment and anger. This defiantly shows how the cruelty has affected him, for him to resort to this. But this is part of his character as he is not very bright think and therefore is not expected to take reasonable action. However he is interrupted and he decides not as he learns who she is. All the cruelty that is set upon him is easily done to him, as he isn’t very clever and therefore easy to exploit rather than any of the other characters. His personality may have caused some cruelty but this is because of his character, which also delivers the comedy to the play. Right from the start he is seen as an idiot. This is show by his actions and obviously highlighted but the Lucetta episode, and also his comments, foe example he tries to compliment Lucetta but is a pathetic attempt. So his whole character might bring on the comedy but because of it also brings on the cruelty by which Aphra Bhen refers to.

Prufrock Analysis - 874 Words

Angelo Margherone-Ambris Passalacqua English 2 2/11/13 Prufrock Essay Insecurities are an inevitable part of life, everyone posses their own. Similarly, in the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S Eliot, the narrator dwells on his own insecurities when trying to find his place in life. Prufrock gives any excuse so he does not have fit in with high society. Eliots poem utilizes many repeated refrains, including: there will be time, for I have known and do I dare†, highlighting the narrator’s lack of self-confidence. Prufrock repeats the phrase there will be time emphasizing his antisocial tendencies. When questioning wether or not he should start†¦show more content†¦He asks do I dare as a way of trying to escape the situation. Do I dare, disturb the universe (45-46). Prufrocks state of thought at this moment is that if he were to take a chance at something he would somehow change the direction of the universe. It can be considered as another excuse for Prufrock to back out and live his monotonous life. Prufrock f eels he cannot hide from his own insecurities when stating :My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin—(They will say: â€Å"But how his arms and legs are thin!)(43-44). Here, Prufrock states another reason as to why he should not step out of his comfort zone. He believes he cannot hide from his own insecurities which allow him to not do anything with his life. The question do I dare reflects Prufrocks second-guessing of himself when it comes to trying to fit in to places he deems not suitable for himself. The refrains used for The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock truly do highlight Prufrocks own insecurities. Prufrock will find any reason not to take a chance and do something with his life. He lets his insecurities get the best of him. Although insecurities will always be there, nobody should let them stop anyone from doing something great with theirShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1386 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Love Song of T.S Eliot† In â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† the reader can clearly understand that T.S Eliot is straightforward as one can get within a poem. In the beginning of the poem, one can infer that Prufrock is being used as a facade to convey Eliot’s inner self who is an introvert that doesn’t quite fit in with the modern day society. â€Å"Prufrock† sees his personal life as a burden that he cannot mend while he tries to conform into the middle class society that everyone views asRead MoreThe Love Song Of Alfred Prufrock Analysis1803 Words   |  8 PagesTo many, the allure of poetry lies in the chance to draw our own understandings and conclusions. In this paper, I will be discussing T.S Eliot s The love Song of Alfred Prufrock† in comparison to Allen Ginsberg s A Supermarket in California. The first poem, The Love song of Alfred Prufrock by T.S Elliot, talks about a man who is quite doubtful and insecure about himself who kept questioning whether or n ot breaking out of his comfort zone was worth it. The second poem, A Super market in CaliforniaRead MoreCritical Analysis: J.Alfred Prufrock2179 Words   |  9 PagesEliot s poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, there stands an epigraph from Dantes Inferno, Canto 27. This epigraph unifies the text and brings, through its imagery and context, a deeper understanding of Eliots poem. Prufrock represents both of the characters in this section of the Inferno, corresponding to Dante in the first section and Guido da Montefeltro in the second and third. Dante represents the antithesis of Prufrock as well as the ideal that Prufrock strives for. The flame-bound GuidoRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesA Literary Analysis of T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† T.S. Eliot was one among few poets and authors that dominated the years between the First and Second World Wars. Eliot showed his use of modernism techniques through â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, creating a powerful reputation around the world, particularly as a member of The Lost Generation in the 1920s. Eliot moved to and settled in London where he worked with famous poets including Ezra Pound, and published hisRead More Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: An Analysis846 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The general fragmentation of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is obvious. 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At the same time, it should noted that a lot of attractive in both poems is given to the settingRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock895 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Two- Critical Analysis Writing a critical analysis is diving into the text. Readers must break down all parts of the text and pin pointing the author s purpose for the writing. A very challenging poem to analysis is T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. It has been declared that â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† started that Anglo-American modernist movement with poetry. The poem was the first poem with American poetry to flow free verse. At the time, it was deemedRead MoreAnalysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock J. Alfred Prufrock constantly lived in fear, in fear of life and death. T. S. Eliot divided his classic poem into three equally important sections. Each division provided the reader with insight into the mental structure of J. Alfred Prufrock. In actuality, Prufrock maintained a good heart and a worthy instinct, but he never seemed to truly exist. A false shadow hung over his existence. Prufrock never allowed himself to actually live. He hadRead More Analysis of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock1424 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock demonstrates the effects of social and economic pressure in the life of a Victorian man. T.S. Eliot shows us, in an ironic monologue, how the reality of age and social position paralyzes his character with fear. The poem opens with six lines from Dante?s ?Infernio?. This particular stanza explains that the speaker is in hell and the message can only be told to someone else in hell. TheRead More Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: In Depth Analysis861 Words   |  4 PagesIn Depth Analysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The five-line interlude ending on the floors of silent seas forms an encapsulated version of the remainder of the poem, in which the frustrated effort to establish purposive discourse leads once again to withdrawal downward and inward to a silent world of instinctual being. A return to images of distension and distracting sensuality provokes a final impulse toward violent imposition of the will--to force the moment to its crisis--which