The Significance of Land to the Dreaming for Aboriginal...

â€Å"When you sit in your own country, your spirits lift and you are again truly back to the land where things make sense and your life has meaning† – Galarruy Yunupingu. Hello and welcome to ST Leo’s justice group my name is charbel saliba and I will be talking to you about aboriginal dreaming and land rights. The quote I said earlier was a spiritual view of life based on the dreaming which cannot be separated from the land; that is why the aboriginal people’s connection towards the land is inexorable. The two are intertwined; to separate them would be impossible, one would not work without the other thus they are just as important. The land is used as a physical link between human beings and all that is unseen and eternal. It creates a†¦show more content†¦Around the middle of the 20th century, however, many reserves were closed due to overcrowding and increasing maintenance expenses. Aboriginal people were forced into cities and towns where they were had no other option but to live on the outskirts, or in public housing. A perfect example of separation and dispossession is the stolen generation. The stolen generation is a term used to describe the indigenous children that were taken away from their families and their land by the Australian federal government. The stolen generation has grown up without any family ties or cultural identity. This may create social and financial disadvantages, feelings and insecurity, low self-esteem, depression, violence, suicide, abuse of alcohol and other drugs, crime and a general lack of trust. In each instance the individual has been separated from family, it also means a fracturing of their identity. The Identity of Aboriginal people links family and land. The land connection is like a bond to family in a parental capacity; the land is our mother and deserves our respect. Separation from family is also separation from cultural belonging. The family is there to reiterate identity and culture. Separation from the aboriginals and the land meant that cultural practices and ceremonies linked with the dreaming and land could not be carried out. I am going to conclude my speech by saying that the aboriginal people and the land are 1 and when separated they become useless becauseShow MoreRelatedAn Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity3568 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Reciprocity is an underlying principle expressed throughout Aboriginal societies. Outline and illustrate the importance of this fundamental concept in the economic, social, spiritual and political spheres of Aboriginal life (refer to reciprocity in the index to Edwards 2005). The word ‘reciprocity’1 conjures up a feel good image of ‘caring and sharing’ (Schwab 1995: 8). 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The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier

Symbolism In Macbeth - 1097 Words

In William Shakespeares Macbeth, symbolism plays a prominent role to emphasize the theme of corruption of power. Throughout the play there are several main symbols repeatedly used to emphasize this theme. The contrast of light and dark representing good and evil, blood representing guilt, murder, and pain, and the archetypal pattern of purification by using water represents removal of guilt, cleansing and peace. Symbolism is used repeatedly to emphasize the theme of corruption of power. The image of blood plays an important role throughout Macbeth. Blood represents the murders that Macbeth had committed, the guilt that went along with the murders and the pain that it brought on him during his downfall. The soldier describes the†¦show more content†¦In Macbeth, light represents the good while the darkness symbolised the evil within the play. At some point in during the time Macbeth was written, the king was usually associated with the sunset. In the play, the witches pronounce, When shall we three meet again, When the battles lost and won. That will be ere the set of the sun. (I. i. 1, 4, 5) This foreshadows the death of King Duncan. Throughout the play, there is continuous contrast of light and dark imagery. Ross says, And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp. (II. iv. 8) This shows how evil will overcome Macbeths moral conscience and this foreshadows Macbeths transformation from a good captain to an evil, ambitious leader. Throughout the play, the events of corruption and unusualness occur at night. The murder of King Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macbeths sleepwalking, and the witches, all take place at night. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires. (I. iv. 50-51) demonstrates Macbeths step toward evil as he talks about the murder of King Duncan. During Lady Macbeths scene in which she is sleepwalking, there is epitome of the light and darkness symbol contrast. She has her light by her continually; ‘tis her command. (V. i. 19), symbolizes the fear Lady Macbeth now has for the darkness and evil. She had once desired the darkness but she now carries the candle, light, to drive out the darkness. During the murders, there was aShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In Macbeth1622 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeares dramatic tragedy â€Å"Macbeth†, the historic playwright utilizes the play in order to convey a dark, dreadful, perception of life. As he highlights the inevitability of death and the tra gic, dark, and sometimes meaningless moments littered throughout it. This can be seen through numerous characters most vitally through Macbeth himself, but also through the fascinating character that is the Porter/Seyton. The playwright also develops an impeccably and overwhelmingly morbid overlyingRead MoreSymbolism Of Blood In Macbeth766 Words   |  4 PagesConsidered to be Shakespeare’s most bloody work, Macbeth portrays its plot perfectly: Macbeth’s bloody rise to power and his tragic downfall. Throughout the play, the symbolism of blood advances this plot. We are introduced to Macbeth as a brave soldier without flaw, but he soon becomes consumed with achieving his â€Å"fated† future. From the moment Macbeth murdered Duncan, the symbolism of blood represents throughout the play his conscience, his dynamic character change, and his and Lady Macbeth’s guiltRead MoreSymbolism Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1099 Words   |  5 Pages Macbeth draft In the tragic story of Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the blood takes an important role of symbolism because throughout the play the recurring image of blood is used as a symbol to demonstrate the constant feeling of guilt felt by the characters,ultimately leading to their endless feelings of fears and horror , and how blood reflects changes in Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s characters .A symbol contains several layers of meaningRead MoreEssay on Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth1723 Words   |  7 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read More Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses extensive imagery and symbolism throughout the course of his play.   Shakespeare uses this imagery and symbolism so that the reader may gain a deeper understanding and feeling for the happenings of this tragedy.   This is further demonstrated by Shakespeares use of darkness in Macbeth.   As one of the more noticeable and important symbols, darkness represents many different elements in the play.   First and foremostRead MoreSymbolism that Represents the Theme of Corruption in Shakespeares MacBeth1043 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in MacBeth Symbolism plays an important role to emphasize the theme of corruption of power in William Shakespeares Macbeth. Throughout the play there are several main symbols repeatedly used to emphasize this theme. The contrast of light and dark representing good and evil, blood representing guilt, murder, and pain, and the archetypal pattern of purification by using water represents removal of guilt, cleansing and peace. Symbolism is used repeatedly to emphasize the theme of corruptionRead MoreSymbolism in Macbeth: Dagger, Ghosts, and Threes Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the play Macbeth there have been many symbols that have been proven to be significant throughout the play. Of the many I will discuss the importance of The number three, the dagger, and Banquos ghost.They are all always lingering in the play but not expressed in literal terms. A symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning These symbols role in Macbeth are to provide a g reater meaning to the play. Shakespeare has been known for creating playsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1289 Words   |  6 Pages16, 2015 Macbeth Literary Essay In this 16th century, classic play about a man hungry for power by William Shakespeare there are many intense instances of symbolism used to demonstrate and prove Macbeth’s feelings and behaviour throughout the book. Good symbolism makes you feel what the character feels when reading a story. In the story, â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth is shown to be a sly and deceiving person who betrayed his kingdom for his own gain. Three important symbols used to show Macbeth s greedRead MoreThrone Of Blood, By Akira Kurasawa1205 Words   |  5 PagesBlood, is often viewed as an interpretation of William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth. Both works follow a similar story line and address themes that are relevant to a modern audience. One major theme in both works is the idea that absolute power corrupts mankind. William Shakespeare and Akira Kurasawa both address this theme of power corruption through the use of symbolism and emotion. While Throne of Blood is based off of Macbeth, it is portrayed very differently than the original text. The 1957 filmRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth857 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare is legendary for his uses of symbolism. No other example is as evident as the bloody hands of Macbeth and his obsession with them. Macbeth has killed King Duncan and doesn’t stop there, he kills the guards making Duncan’s sons flee. This gives Macbeth the throne. However he becomes overwhelmed with the guilt. Shakespeare uses blood to show how it reminds Macbeth of the violent acts he has committed and how he has become obsessed with the blood on his hands. Initially the blood represents

Relational Theology of Creation

Question: Discuss about the Relational Theology of Creation. Answer: Introduction: This paper is based on evaluating Terence E.Fretheims God and the World in the Old Testament: a relational theology of creation (chapter 1 "Theological perspectives "). The main aspect of this article is to examine the fundamental issues that have been interpreted by the author in the creation part of the Old Testament. The article explains the meaning of the word creation. According to the author the internal metaphors include the shaping of the world as the womb of a mother. The world creation does not refer to formation of new things, but mainly to inform that cosmos does not exist, but it was created by God. There is a process through which creation is done that includes origination, continuing and completing (p. 4). The article provides the deep analysis of the creation (as a verb) found in Old Testament. The view presented by the author about God is displayed through the opinion that creation is connected as well open ended. The article has made the two substantial claims about the Old Testament. First is that creation is the indispensible foundation of the Old testament in terms of explaining redemption and salvation. The study explains that not only God is the main creator of the world before being a redeemer, but it also explains that redemption is very necessary for creation. The word creation used in the Old Testament is not just associated with the technicalities of the creation of world, but it is something created out of nothing. Creation is not just the matter of originating something, but it is the beginning of something more divine. The second substantial claim of the study is that God is not unaffected by the process of creation, rather he has a genuine relationship with what he has created. The chapter Theological Perspective is the presentation of the theological assumptions associated with creation. The chapter Theological Perspective presents the different understanding of the creation. Earlier my perspective towards creation was just that God created the earth, animals, and humans on earth to serve his purpose of letting others know about God. But, according to the study of Terence E. Fretheims God and the World in the Old Testament: a relational theology of creation, in the first chapter Theological Perspectives. The book of creation explains the divine relationship of God with humans. God has begun out of nothing and has included humans in the process of creation by giving them power to create their generations. So I learnt that creation is the openness of God and participation of the human in ongoing process of creation. The creation made by God is not the threat to the creator, or the one that must be defeated by the God, but the creation of God is something to be praised. The main aspect or the new information that I have gained through this chapter is that redemption and creation are associated with each other and creation is associated with the life that humans experience in real life. Bibliography Archer, Kenneth J. "GodCreation's Hope, CreationGod's Home: A Pentecostal Theological Response to Terence E. Fretheim's God and World in the Old Testament: A Relational Theology of Creation."Journal of Pentecostal Theology19, no. 2 (2010): 198-212. Brueggemann, Walter.Old Testament theology: an introduction. Abingdon Press, 2010. Stallman, Robert. "A Review of Terence E. Fretheim's God and World in the Old Testament: A Relational Theology of Creation."Journal of Pentecostal Theology19, no. 2 (2010): 183-189. Tilling, Chris.Paul's divine Christology. Mohr Siebeck, 2012.

The Use of Dark and Light Imagery free essay sample

The use of dark and light imagery in â€Å"The Outsider† and Woman at Point Zero† to convey change in mood and pace The use of dark and light imagery in â€Å"The Outsider† and Woman at Point Zero† to convey change in mood and pace In analyzing these two novels; ‘The Outsider’ and ‘Woman at Point Zero’, there is an obvious similarity. Both Albert Camus and Nawal El Saadawi, the authors of these two narratives, use dark and light imagery to change the mood and pace of their text. In ‘The outsider’, Mersault is notified of his mothers death. He attends her funeral, yet expresses none of the emotion typical and expected in such a circumstance. In the next few days, his neighbor, Raymond Sintes, along with Mersault’s girlfriend Marie, are invited to spend the day at a chalet, just outside their town. When Raymond, Mersault and Mason went for a walk along the beach, they were confronted by some Arabs who were seeking revenge of the fact that Raymond had hurt one of the Arab’s sister. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Dark and Light Imagery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They confront Raymond and wound him with a knife. Later, walking on the beach alone, Mersault, now armed with a pistol, encounters the Arab friend and shoots him dead; the shooting is partly influenced by the suns glare. This is one of many examples that Albert Camus uses this kind of imagery when describing Mersault’s situation. Similarly, Nawal El Saadawi is a psychologist trying to learn the story of Firdaus while she is in prison awaiting execution. Firdaus then narrates the story of her life. She takes readers through her disorderly childhood, from being abused and witnessing the abuse of her mother by her father, to her mysterious female circumcision as a young woman. We are told that she is molested by her uncle, and the one person she loved, betrayed her. She is then exploited by pimps, and then the most cruel- the persistent taunting of men, women, and law enforcement- as she struggles to live an adult life she has been given no tools to live. Firdaus however, has a tendency to be observant of people’s eyes and focus on the black and white rings. Both these books use the different colors of dark and light, under different context, to bring about a certain pace and mood to the passage. At Mersaults’ mothers’ funeral, he describes the things he sees there as very bright and shiny. â€Å"It was a very bright room with whitewashed walls and a glass roof. [1] Also, â€Å"The lid was on, but a row of shiny screws, which hadn’t yet been tightened down, stood out against the walnut-stained wood. Near the coffin there was an Arab nurse in a white overall, with a brightly colored scarf on her head. †[2] These are both long sentences. This shows that the character is rambling and taking note of every little t hing in the room he is in. The fact that he doesn’t really relate to his mother’s death shows his type of character. He is very relaxed and nonchalant about the whole situation. At this moment, the pace is quick. He is only taking the necessary time he needs to make an observation about something and tell us about it. In a situation where everyone else is showing their emotional affectedness at the funeral, â€Å"she was crying regularly, in little sobs: I thought she was never going to stop. The others didn’t seem to notice,†[3] Mersault gets annoyed at the fact that other people are letting out their emotions. He starts to wonder why they start to cry and look at him. This shows that they are judging him because he doesn’t show emotion. However, Mersault does not seem to let this affect him. Instead he pays attention to another observation he makes, â€Å"What struck me the most about heir faces was that I couldn’t see their eyes, but only a faint glimmer among a nest of wrinkles. †[4] Again, reference to bright objects is made but this time he describes their faces. He does this hear to show how they feel about the scenario. The fact that they have a ‘faint glimmer’ shows that they are not happy. There is no ‘shine’ or ‘glow’ in their faces as a person would do if they were expressing some sort of joy. Later on, Mersault uses a different type of imagery which changes the pace. I understood mother. The evenings here must come as a kind of melancholy truce. But today, with the whole landscape flooded in sunshine and shimmering in the heat, it was inhospitable and depressing. †[5] This sentence fits the scene for a funeral. Reference to the sun, is a symbol of Meursaults repressed emotions. Further along, he begins , â€Å" all around me there was still the same luminous, sun drenched country side. †[6] He goes on to say, â€Å"The sun had burst open the tar. Our feet sank into it, leaving its shiny pulp exposed. † [7] in saying this, we see the powerfulness of the sun. This is noted because later on in the novel, more references to the sun is made which shows its affect on not only the outside world, in this case the tar, but to Mersault’s actions. He continues, â€Å"I felt a bit lost, which the blue and white sky overhead and these monotonous colors all around me- the sticky black tar, the dull black clothes and the shiny black hearse. And what with the sun and the smell of leather and horse-dung from the hearse, and the smell of varnish and incense and the sleepless night . I’d had, I was so tired that I could hardly see or think straight any more. [8] A pace is established through the chain of negative imagery used here. He feels very uncomfortable and ‘a bit lost’. Our emotions are moved by the pace because of the fact that it slows down. Mersault takes the time and effort to give every object at least two adjectives to describe them, both of them being negative. The sun is generally thought to be a positive thing. People tend to think of a bright, warm, sunny day as something good and positive. However, Mersault’s reference to the sun is the opposite. It brings about a negative effect on him. This could link to the fact that he is not like the general society as we have seen before. While others may relate heat and warmth to a feeling of security and peace, he sees it as an annoyance. At the chalet, while the Mersault was walking, this time alone, on the beach and he sees the Arab, Mersault bombards us with a vast amount of imagery. â€Å"But the whole beach was reverberating in the sun and pressing against me from behind. †[9] We can immediately note here that Mersaults makes reference to the sun so we can assume, something negative is going to happen. â€Å"The sun was beginning to burn my cheeks and I felt drops of sweat gathering my eyebrows. It was the same sun as on the day of mother’s funeral and again my forehead was hurting me most and all the veins were throbbing at once beneath the skin. And because I couldn’t stand this burning feeling any longer, I moved forward. I knew it was stupid and I wouldn’t get out of the sun with one step forward. And this time, without sitting up, the Arab drew his knife and held it out towards me in the sun. †[10] This is a key passage in which Albert Camus makes us go through emotions. The pace quickens as tension builds up. We see Mersaults’ feelings of pressure and emotional chaos. This strong imagery forces Mersault to fire and kill the Arab with a gun. What makes it worse is that he fires four more times to make sure the sun is dispelled for good. Once in jail, Mersault changes his views on both the sun, and on his view of life, which are similar. Mersault realizes that the sun and his life are both warm and do not have as negative of an effect on his life as he thought. He discovers that you assign meaning to your own life and that the sun does not need to be the one to blame for his emotions or his actions. He says, I moved closer to the window, and in the last light of day I gazed at my reflection one more time. The sun symbolized his emotions and inner-self. He would not have admired his own reflection earlier in the novel. In the book â€Å"Woman at Point Zero†, Firdaus takes great notice of people’s eyes. She uses the same phrases to describe their eyes. When she realizes that her mother has changed and was not the same person who used to help her when she needed it, she says â€Å"But when I used to look into her eyes I could feel she was not my mother. They were not eyes that held me up each time I was on the point of falling. †[11] She then takes note of the colors, â€Å"They were not the eyes that held me up each time I was on the point of falling. They were not two rings of pure white surrounding two circles of intense black, where the white would become even whiter, and the black even blacker every time I looked into them, as though the light of the sun or the moon kept flowing through them. †[12] In reading this passage we know that this person is her mother but her mother’s spirit was the one who had changed. It is as if it was broken and Firdaus did not feel love in her eyes. Another instance where she uses this is when she was sitting in the playground of her school all alone and her teacher Miss. Iqbal sat next to her and Firdaus says â€Å"I could see her black eyes wandering into the night, and the tears welling up in them with a glistening light. She tightened her lips and swallowed hard and suddenly the light in her eyes went out. Again and again they started to shine after a moment went out, like flames snuffed out in the night. †[13] Here, Firdaus gets a sense of unity and possibly love. The teacher had given Firdaus freedom to express herself before. After she says this about her teacher she repeats what she had said about her mothers’ eyes; â€Å"two rings of pure white, surrounding two circles of intense lack that looked out at me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [14] Miss. Iqbal reminds Firdaus of her mothers’ eyes that used to show love for her. This is the first time she exchanges tenderness with another woman. We can conclude that Firdaus loves her on a spiritual level. The relationship she has is the most intimate because they are seen as equals even though on e is a student and the other a teacher. A third time she repeats this description is when she speaks to Ibrahim who was one of the employees who worked where Firdaus did. When they were alone together in the courtyard, she tells us â€Å"the sky above was enveloped in darkness with not a ray of light from sun or moon. My face turned towards his face, and my eyes looked into his. I could see two rings of pure white†¦ â€Å"[15] Since this account is talking about a male for a change, it illustrates that this is the first time Firdaus is experiencing love. Nawal El Saadawi creates a whole language of the eyes, which foreshadows some events, in this case love, which Firdaus experiences in different forms. When Firdaus mentions the black and white rings in peoples eyes it reveals that there is a different level of feeling for them. She uses the colors black and white, dark and light, to portray the changes of emotions that Firdaus goes through. Likewise, in the book ‘The outsider’ the descriptions of dark and light given to us by Albert Camus also revealed when there was a change of emotion in the protagonist.

5 Part-Time Jobs That Pay Well

5 Part-Time Jobs That Pay Well What kind of job allows you to work less and yet earn more? While the question may sound like a riddle, it’s actually a reality when it comes to several high-paying part-time jobs. Let’s count down five of the most sought after part-time positions, along with how to score one. 1. Management AnalystAccording to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, management analysts require only a bachelor’s degree, less than five years of experience, no specific on-the-job training and yet make an average of $37.79 per hour. Even better? Because most accountants work on a contractual basis, they can set their own hours.Also called management consultants, these professionals evaluate an organization’s efficiency and propose strategies to trim costs and increase revenues. While it’s not required, a Certified Management Consultant (CMC) can boost your appeal to potential employers. Additionally, prior work experience in a number of different fields - from hum an resources to information technology - can help you gain an inside edge.Not only is the pay high, but the demand is, as well: between now and 2022, the accounting profession is expected to grow by a significant 20 percent.2. Fitness InstructorFrom yoga to Zumba, fitness instructors lead individuals of all ages and skill levels as well as groups in any number of different fitness classes.While on paper the pay may not in itself be extraordinary - an average of $15.25 per hour - working as a fitness instructor requires no education beyond the high school diploma or its equivalent, although many fitness instructors do choose to pursue an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in a health or fitness related field, such as physical education, kinesiology, or exercise science.With a projected growth rate of 13 percent between now and 2022, job security for fitness instructors is promising. Not to mention the flexibility to work early morning and evening hours depending on you r individual scheduling needs.3. Graphic DesignerGraphic designers communicate ideas through visual concepts and help with layout and production design for a variety of print materials. In 2012, nearly 25 percent of graphic designers were self-employed which not only lets them have key input as to how many hours they work but also when and where they work them.A bachelor’s degree in graphic design or a related field is typically expected for a career in this field, along with an aptitude for the creative arts. The average haul of a graphic designer in 2015? $21.22 per hour.4. AccountantWhile most accountants work full-time, many accounting specialists are finding part-time jobs to be particularly appealing. In fact, a recent survey of chief financial officers revealed that 72 percent of CFOs use temporary staffing solutions to help reach their accounting goals.Most accountants have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field; becoming a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) further improves job prospects. Not only do part-time accountants earn a competitive compensation of an average of $30.55 per hour, but some even receive employee benefits.The ability to work part-time also allows unparalleled flexibility that is particularly appealing to everyone from students to people nearing retirement.5. Computer ProgrammerComputer programmers create software programs by writing code for an average hourly pay of $35.71 per hour. Most computer programmers have at least a bachelor’s degree, although an associate’s degree may suffice. However, because the field changes so rapidly, programmers are expected to keep up with its evolution through continuing education and professional development course.One benefit enjoyed by computer programmers? The ability to telecommute from anywhere in the world.Whether you’re simply in need of extra cash, looking for a change of pace, or require the flexibility of part-time work, these gigs offer high returns for workers in these fields. Looking for an inside edge on getting the part-time job of your dreams? Sign up for a job match alert.

Persian Invasions

Persian Invasions King Darius, being very wroth with the Athenians for their share in the burning of Sardis, sent a great army across the Hellespont to march through Thrace against Athens, under his young kinsman Mardonius. But disaster befell these at the hands of the Thracians, and the fleet that was to aid them was shattered in a storm; so that they returned to Asia without honour. Then Darius sent envoys to demand earth and water from the Greek states; and of the islands the most gave them, and some also of the cities on the mainland; and among these were the Aeginetans, which were at feud with Athens.But of those who would not give the earth and water were the Eretrians of Euboea. So Darius sent a great armament by sea against Eretria and Athens, led by Datis and Artaphernes, which sailed first against Eretria. The Athenians, indeed, sent aid; but when they found that the counsels of the Eretrians were divided, so that no firm stand might be made, they withdrew.The reconstructed Treasury of Athen s, built to com...Nevertheless, the Eretrians fought valiantly behind their walls, till they were betrayed on the seventh day. But the Persians, counselled by Hippias, sailed to the bay of Marathon.THEN the Athenians sent the strong runner Pheidippides to call upon the Spartans for aid; who promised it, yet for sacred reasons would not move until the full moon. So the Athenian host had none to aid them save the loyal Plataeans, valiant though few. Yet in the council of their generals the word of Miltiades was given for battle, whereto the rest consented. Then the Athenians and Plataeans, being drawn up in a long line, charged across the plain nigh a mile, running upon the masses of the Persians; and, breaking them upon the wings, turned and...

Significance of Place in the Context of Globalization Assignment

Significance of Place in the Context of Globalization - Assignment Example Among the many movements, globalization had and is also having a major impact in various places or parts of the world. Globalisation literally means the transformation of local phenomena into a global one and when Doreen Massey’s conceptualization of place is analyzed from globalization context, it is clear that place cannot be a static and it will become a ‘global’ sense of place or even a global village or place. So, this paper will analyze how the advent of globalization is turning our globe into a global village, with boundaries between places and countries being erased or merged and how it is impacting the social place. Globalisation is a practice of interacting and mixing or assimilation among people, companies and governments of different places or countries whose signature feature is international industrial and financial business structure. Globalisation may be thought of as the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritually. More formally, globalization can be categorized as a process that embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions (Wiley, Nandi & Shahidullah 1998, p. 21). Hyperglobalism conceive globalization as a new age of economic integration that is characterized by open trade, global financial flows as well as multinational corporations. Hyperglobalism is driven by capitalism, communications, and transportation technology, integration into one world market and it is increasingly eroding state power and legitima cy. However another perspective is, and one that spans the entire politico-ideological spectrum - consists of what might be called the hyper-globalists, who argue that we live in a borderless world in which the national.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORLD BANK AND DEVELOPING Essay

AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORLD BANK AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - Essay Example development, namely, means for a long and a healthy life, access to education and access to physical resources which help in a better sustenance of life (Sagar & Najam, 1997, p. 250). Human development thus, is multidimensional in nature, which is automatically served out of overall economic and social progress. The World Bank, however, had been actively involved in alleviating all elements which have been responsible for an underprivileged human life, through implementing investment projects in various aspects. Creation of the organization had been the consequence of the Bretton-Woods Commission held in 1944 following the World War II, to resolve issues such as financial insolvency arising out of depreciation in currency values. Developmental economics supports two approaches to prop up overall growth in an economy, namely, balanced and unbalanced. Though an external push is required in both the cases, in case of balanced growth, the effect is often considered to be a diluted one, which is why unbalanced growth is preferred more in nations suffering from a scarcity of resources.3 Unbalanced growth in fact, had been supported by a large number of economists. Rosenstein Rodan, the proponent of Big Push theory established the importance of unbalanced growth which he regarded to be essential f or the developing nations to break out of the low level equilibrium trap, i.e., for economies which did not have high growth potentials. These investments however, were emphasized for industrial or infrastructural development, which is considered as a fundamental area which can trigger economic growth. But given the lack of investible resources, it was not possible for the national governments themselves to carry on with their investments; in fact they had to seek the help of international organizations like the World Bank which were responsible for resource mobilization activities. The bank established in 1944, had been involved in such development activities hitherto, which

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Compare and contrast - Essay Example But a closer look at what poverty really is may make some people begin to change their minds, and hopefully their responses, to people who can’t manage to simply blend in with the working crowd. Two articles help to make the case regarding poverty from two different viewpoints. One of the prime concerns of poverty has to do with the living conditions one is forced to endure as a result of having few options and no extra cash. Mackey (2007) describes this condition as being one of fear of your fellow neighbors as housewives, attempting to get money orders to pay their rent, found it necessary to develop elaborate schemes in order to keep their money safely tucked away where the robbers on the street between the check cashing place and the post office would not be able to steal it. Another situation she describes is a one in which a woman can’t even get the safety light in the hallway outside her apartment fixed despite the fact that there has been a murder just outside her front door and her children are afraid to come home through the blood that is still soaked into the carpet. The article by Parker (1971) describes similar conditions of being trapped in a house that is falling apart around her and there is nothing she can do about it or to help her children escape from it in any positive way. In both situations, the lack of cash is only a small part of the problem. Larger issues exist in the way that society treats these individuals, either shunting them to the bottom of the ‘to do’ list for repairs and maintenance or forgetting about them altogether and leaving them to rot away with the house and the rest of the garbage. However, while both articles seem to agree that the problem of poverty goes well beyond the issue of available cash on hand, they seem to take a different stance regarding the role of money in making one poverty-stricken. Speaking from the outside looking in, Mackey (2007) indicates that poverty is less a

Price Inflation of the Acai Fruit

Price Inflation of the Acai Fruit Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Acai Market 3. Relevant Economic Model 4. Critical Analysis 5. Conclusion Reference 1. Introduction The Acai is a species of palm tree, its fruit generally known as â€Å"Acai Berry†. It grows mainly in the river side of Amazon of Brazil. The fruit is rich in calories, calcium, vitamin A, C, amino acid, antioxidant and some more important nutrient contents. This exercise will show the economic reason behind the steep price hike and what measures can be taken to combat against this price hike. I will also try to explain the rationale behind the proposed measures. Section two of this exercise will describe the market scenario of Acai fruit in Brazil, section three will contain relevant economic model, section four will depict critical analysis of key arguments and finally a conclusion will be drawn. 2. Overview of Acai Market The Acai fruit mainly grows in the Brazilian area of Amazon River basin. Traditionally the fruit used to cover major portion of diet of indigenous Amazon people. It was traditionally a food item for poor people. Due to its higher nutrient value the fruit has caught significant attention of International consumers. As a result the fruit has become a super food in US and international market in recent days. From a â€Å"giffen† good â€Å"Acai Berry† has now become a â€Å"super food†. The boom of Acai fruit consumption in last three decade created opportunities for new product pathways and transformation industries. Sharp rise of this product price is explained by the theory of demand. Due to Acai berry’s nutrient values, higher demand by Brazilian consumers and international demand Acai price has gone up significantly in past few years. Even after significant price increase demand for Acai berry did not decrease. This is may be the reason of its nutrient value. As the willingness to pay did not decrease; price of this product is continually increasing. Figure-1: Increase in Price due to increase in demand Table-1: Per capita GDP (PPP) of Brazil and the USA Country Value Brazil $ 12,100 USA $ 52,800 Source: The World Fact Book, CIA Acai Roots, a Brazilian company based in California, estimates the size of the US retail market for acai products to range between USD70 million to USD100 million. (Goddard, P. 2010) Acai trees usually produce fruit in three to five years of plantation. Trees produce fruit twice in a year. As Acai can be only produced in a specific climate (climate like river basin of Brazilian Amazon). It has a limited supply against the rising demand. Acai is now also growing in North Queensland of Australia, tropical forest of Malaysia, South Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. A survey by JD Power and Associates late last year (2013) found that American consumers are Optimism, they simply seek value for their money, Brand conscious, Authenticity-seekers, Purpose-driven, and Mature. Currently Brazil is experiencing a consumer behavior that America experienced post-WWII period of the 1950s and 1960s. Brazilian sales are growing four times faster than the U.S. Retail sales in the emerging market nation are increasing at 7 to 8% a year. At the same time America is only experiencing retail sales growth of about 2%. [Result is summarized from a research report of Boston Consulting Group (BCG)] 3. Relevant Economic Model Increased demand for Acai berry has created economic opportunity for many economic agents. As a result of increased demand Acai cultivation has now become commercial and many big commercial producers has now entered in to the market to raise the supply of Acai berry. Superior technology and cultivation process has been employed to increase the supply of Acai berry. No doubt that supply of Acai has increased in recent past but demand for this product has increased many folds than the supply. As a result supply force failed to bring down the price of Acai. Figure-2: Increase in Price due to greater increase in demand than increase in supply Due to Acai fruit’s global increased demand local producers of Brazil are now under presser of increasing the supply of this fruit. As this fruit requires a specific environment to grow, local producers are not being able to match with the demand of this product. As a result as theory of supply suggests price of Acai fruit has gone up significantly (prototype scenario is portrayed in figure-2). Because of its higher demand producers now can change high price for the product hence higher profit margins for the local producers and others. Theory of completion suggests super normal profit attracts more new entrants into the market. Super normal profit attracted many new producers and some corporations in to Acai production and processing industry. However, as described in figure-2, demand has increase more than the increase in supply. As a result price of Acai is still in climbing stage. But superior technology, better scientific production process can lead to a greater supply of Acai fruit which may create downward pressure on price. As multinational companies are now a player in Acai fruit industry they can exclude the small local producers from the industry. MNCs can do so because they have better supply-chain management, they can enjoy economies of scale hence lower cost of production. 4. Critical Analysis Exclusion of local small producers will have a negative effect on Brazilian economy. Some of the producer may need to switch from Acai production to some other crops. As a result their household income may fall. If their household income falls then the overall level of welfare of the local people will also decrease due to fall in income. On the other hand, engagement of large corporations and MNCs into the Acai production and processing industry may lead to economic development of the local community as well as Brazil overall. This is a paradox. One negative effect has stroked already that is exclusion of local poor indigenous people from the consumption of Acai fruit. Acai fruit used to be a major part of the local indigenous people is past, but increased price of Acai fruit has cut down those local indigenous people as its consumers. To me, this is a great paradox whether exclusion of small local producers of Acai will have negative effect on Brazilian economy or not. If the economic benefit of inclusion of large and multinational corporations in to Acai production suppresses the negative effect only then the welfare state of local small producers will not hamper. The government of Brazil may take some remedial measure to combat against the increase price of Acai and work toward supply enhancement. Some of the suggestions are: To fight against price hike Tariff on Acai fruit export Quota System These trade barrier will lead to less export of Acai from Brazil and local customer can enjoy Acai fruit will lesser price. Usually trade barriers used to protect local producers and local customers. But use of trade barriers to protect local consumers and producers is a negative tool in todays’ free world economy. For increasing supply Brazilian government can come up with few projects which will work for inventing better technology and production process so that the local producers can use superior production and processing system at lower price. These types of projects can lead to increase in Acai fruit supply, which will definitely create downward pressure on Acai fruit rising price. 5. Conclusion Acai fruit is a rainforest fruit that grows in river basin of Brazilian amazon. By the last decade the fruits’ demand has gone significantly producers have failed to generate adequate supply. Price of raw materials has gone up by many folds, suitable lands for growing Acai fruit is now becoming scares, increasing world demand for its nutrient value have led to enormous price hike. As the industry is not perfectly competitive, a super normal profit is exist in the industry. And economies of scale, higher raw materials price have excluded some small local producers from Acai production. Subsequently local indigenous people have lost their major diet which is beyond their reach. Increasing world demand, shortage of supply, and abnormal price hike in last few years, all these are now debatable issues, and prime policy concern. References Brasileiro, A. 2009, ‘Superfood’ Promoted on Oprah’s Site Robs Amazon Poor of Staple†. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com Goddard, P. 2010, Brazil fruit juice production fuels drinks export. International News Services Hepburn, C. 2006, Regulation by prices, quantities of both: a review of instrument choice. Oxford Review of Economic Policy Krugman P. Obstfeld M., 2008, International Economics: Theory and Policy, 8th edition, Pearson International Edition Menezes, E., Deliza, R., Chan, H. L., Guinard, J.-X. (2011). Preferences and attitudes towards aà §aà ­-based products among North American consumers. Food Research International Muniz-Miret, N., Vamos, R., Hiraoka, M., Montagnini, F., Mendelsohn, R. (1996). The economic value of managing the aà §aà ­ palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in the floodplains of the Amazon estuary, Parà ¡, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management Samuelson A P Nordhaus D Wiiliam, 2010, Economics, 19th edition, McGraw-Hill Word Count: 1295 excluding table, graph and reference

Speeding: Speed Limit and Effective Form

The quickest way from point A to point B is a straight line but while driving a vehicle that is rarely an available path. So to make up for that some people decide to speed, but with speeding comes a lot of risk and dangers. Speeding can cause you to get a ticket which is expensive and time consuming, increase your cost of insurance, put your life and others lives in danger, and above all it is against the law. In North Carolina, 1 person is killed or injured in speed-related crashes every 22 minutes. The risk of a crash in a 60 mph zone doubles with every 5 mph above the limit.The public needs to be more aware of the dangers of speeding. You can frequently watch ads for fast cars and ways to avoid police on the roads. The police and the community have expressed particular concern about the potential of these ads to influence the behavior of young drivers. The risk of being involved in a crash increases with the speed a vehicle is being driven because there is less time to react, les s control of the vehicle and the distance needed to stop is longer. The higher the speed a vehicle is travelling when it hits a pedestrian the greater the chance of a fatality occurring.The impact on a person in a crash at 60 mph is equivalent to falling from a four story building, while the impact at 100 mph equals falling from a 12-story building. Speeding has been implicated as a contributing factor in about one-third of all fatal motor-vehicle crashes. Speed reduces the amount of available time needed to avoid a crash, increases the likelihood of crashing and increases the severity of a crash once it occurs. Speeding is defined as travelling faster than the posted speed limit or travelling too fast for the road condition.Such as when it is raining, snowing, fog present, dust storm, ice on the road, or even bad visibility from the sun rising or setting. For example the speed limit might be 55 mph on a road but there is so much fog you can’t see but up to 20 feet in front o f you. In this situation you could either slow down to a safer speed or if it is bad enough pull off the side of the road and turn on you emergency flashers. Speeding is the number one law violation in fatal motor vehicle accidents and the average American is more likely to be involved in a traffic crash than be a victim of a crime.Those two facts put together make a strong argument on why you should not speed or drive an unsafe speed when road conditions are less than good. While you might be in a hurry if you get pulled over because of you excessive speed you will be even later than you would have if you were just driving the speed limit. Also you will probably be losing time and money in the near future. Speeding is one of the most common ways that people break the law. When people break the law there are unpleasant consequences. A speeding ticket is an effective form of discipline: paying for a ticket, traffic school, and higher insurance rates.Paying for a speeding ticket is an unpleasant experience. A ticket can be outrageously expensive depending on how fast you were speeding. Some states charge ten to twenty dollars per mile an hour over the speed limit. The officer assigns you a day to appear in court, if you choose to fight the ticket rather than pay the fine. Waiting in the courtroom to see the judge is a painful wait. The wait is long, and the company can be frightening. Once you plead your case, you generally end up paying the fine. This only leads to another line, and another wait.This has to be the most unpleasant part of a speeding ticket. In addition, paying for traffic school is also a disagreeable experience. If you waited to see the judge, you may be on your way after paying the fine. If the judge is kind, and offers a traffic school option, the unpleasantness continues. Usually the traffic school is nowhere near to the courthouse, which causes you to search to find it. The great experience of paying is close at hand after locating the scho ol. You must endure the nine hour course after paying for the privilege of attending.This is a class most people would have never taken if given the chance. The unpleasantness associated with a speeding ticket is almost finished when you have completed the course. It is like studying for your driver license all over again. A reoccurring reminder of a previous mistake is evident in higher insurance rates. Most insurance companies feel that speeding tickets make someone a higher risk. So, to offset the risk they raise the premium. Which means it is more expensive to obtain insurance. If the insurance company decides to raise your rates by only ten dollars it can have a lasting effect.When the ticket falls off your driving the record, usually in three to five years, you have spent more than one thousand dollars more than if you had not been speeding. The insurance company raises your rates with each ticket, until they cancel the policy. This alone makes it worthwhile to obey the law. A speeding ticket is an effective form of discipline, with court, with traffic school, and with higher insurance rates. The deterrents for speeding are not all outwardly noticeable until you has been through the process.Once you have a speeding ticket experience, you may be more careful to obey the law. If you choose to not pay the ticket or go to your assigned court date there are consequences such as additional fines, license suspension, and even impoundment. If you don't pay your speeding ticket, eventually your fine will increase. If you have more than one speeding ticket, costs can add-up quickly. In some places, it's possible to avoid fines entirely by going to traffic school. If money is a significant problem for you the court about working out a payment plans.You might be able to save some money and ongoing hassle by participating. In many places, the consequences of having one or more unpaid tickets are temporarily losing your license. While you can sometimes negotiate with the court to have some driving privileges, such as driving to work or taking your kids to school, your license will be useless until you pay up and meet any other requirements set by the court. Your unpaid speeding tickets can cost you your car, at least temporarily. Some cities will boot your car if you have several unpaid tickets on your record.Not only will you have to pay all your fines, but you'll also have to pay to have the boot removed. Even worse, the city may eventually tow your car, which means that you'll have to pay your fines, then get a ride to the tow yard and pay to get your car back. All of this because you didn’t pay your ticket by your court date or show up to court. Clearly speeding comes a lot of risk and dangers. Those risks and dangers include getting a ticket which is expensive and time consuming, increase your cost of insurance, put your life and others lives in danger, and above all it is against the law.

Analysis of “The Ethics of Respect for nature”

In this paper, I will be conducting an analysis of the article â€Å"The Ethics of Respect for nature† written by Paul W. Taylor. In this paper Taylor presented the foundational structure for a life-centered theory of environmental ethics. The structures according to Taylor are based on three categories which are related. The first part of the structure is called respect for nature. What this section of the article basically talked about was how human being only respects living things. And it also mentioned how if we as human beings were to adapt to the life-centered system of environmental ethics, the way in which we view the world right now will have to have to change we would be caring for nature more than we are now. Taylor argued that, it is the good (well-being, welfare) of individual organisms, considered as entities having inherent worth that determines our moral relations with the Earth’s wild communities of life. In order to prove his argument he was able to relate the argument with the anthropocentric views. In the anthropocentric view, human actions affecting the natural environment and its nonhuman inhabitants are right (or wrong) by either of two criteria: they have consequences which are favorable (or unfavorable) to human well-being, or they are consistent (or inconsistent) with the system of norms that protect and implement human rights. From this human-centered standpoint it is to humans and only to humans that all duties are ultimately owed (James). We as human have no obligation to promote or protect the good of nonhuman living things. The difference between the life-centered system of environmental ethic and the human-centered system of environmental ethic is in life centered system (as noted earlier) we as human will have more duty to the nature. Our duties to respect the integrity of natural ecosystems, to preserve endangered species, and to avoid environmental pollution stem from the fact that these are ways in which we can help make it possible for wild species populations to achieve and maintain a healthy existence in a natural state (Taylor). Our duties with respect to the â€Å"world† of nature would be seen as making prima facie claims upon us to be balanced against our duties with respect to the â€Å"world† of human civilization. We could no longer simply take the human point of view and consider the effects of our actions exclusively from the perspective of our own good. The evidence that the author used to justify the respect of nature is by making clear the fundamental moral attitude that underlies and makes intelligible the commitment to live by such a system. The second part of the structure is a belief system that constitutes a way of conceiving of the natural world and of our place in it. This belief system underlies and supports the attitude in a way that makes it an appropriate attitude to take toward the Earth’s natural ecosystems and their life communities. This section focuses more on the perception of biocentric outlook on nature. Taylor believed that the biocentric outlook on nature has four components; the first is human are thought of as member of the earth’s community of life, second the earth’s natural ecosystems as a totality are seen as a complex web of interconnected elements, with the sound biological functioning of each being dependent on the sound biological functioning of the others. Third, each individual organism is conceived of as a teleological center of life, pursuing its own good in its own way. And the last component, whether we are concerned with standards of merit or with the concept of inherent worth, the claim that humans by their very nature are superior to other species is a groundless claim and, in the light of elements (1), (2), and (3) above, must be rejected as nothing more than an irrational bias in our own favor (Taylor). To further understand his argument he was able to relate human with other species in a biological aspect. The laws of genetics, of natural selection, and of adaptation apply equally to all of us as biological creatures. In this light we consider ourselves as one with them, not set apart from them. We, as well as they, must face certain basic conditions of existence that impose requirements on us for our survival and well-being. Each animal and plant is like us in having a good of its own. This argument is considered a strong one because it logically self-explanatory and there are many scientific evidence to support this argument (Darwin’s theory of evolution). What differentiate us humans from any other species according to Taylor is our good. This argument is reasonable because, although our human good (what is of true value in human life, including the exercise of individual autonomy in choosing our own particular value systems) is not like the good of a nonhuman animal or plant, it can no more be realized than their good can without the biological necessities for survival and physical health (Taylor). Taylor also argued about the possibility of extinction. The possibility of the extinction of the human species, a possibility which starkly confronts us in the contemporary world, makes us aware of another respect in which we should not consider ourselves privileged beings in relation to other species. This argument has some strength to it because according to biology, the well-being of humans is dependent upon the ecological soundness and health of many plant and animal communities, while their soundness and health does not in the least depend upon human well-being. Thinking about it, one can argue that the existence of the human race is not necessary. Every last man, woman, and child could disappear from the face of the Earth without any significant detrimental consequence for the good of wild animals and plants. On the contrary, many of them would be greatly benefited. The destruction of their habitats by human â€Å"developments† would cease. The poisoning and polluting of their environment would come to an end. The Earth’s land, air, and water would no longer be subject to the degradation they are now undergoing as the result of large-scale technology and uncontrolled population growth. Life communities in natural ecosystems would gradually return to their former healthy state. Tropical forests, for example, would again be able to make their full contribution to a life-sustaining atmosphere for the whole planet. The rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world would eventually become clean again. Spilled oil, plastic trash, and even radioactive waste might finally, after many centuries, cease doing their terrible work. Ecosystems would return to their proper balance, suffering only the disruptions of natural events such as volcanic eruptions and glaciation. The third component is a system of moral rules and standards for guiding our treatment of those ecosystems and life communities, a set of normative principles which give concrete embodiment or expression to the attitude of respect for nature. Taylor was able to support his argument by relating the idea of human superiority to the system of moral rules. The relations that the author made in this case certainly helped his argument because, knowing that we as human are superior to other animals, we tend to overlook the morals in which we are supposed to look at which result in humans not respecting other species (James). The author also argued that various nonhuman species have capacities that humans lack. There is the speed of a cheetah, the vision of an eagle, the agility of a monkey. Why should not these be taken as signs of their superiority over humans in the way we as human treat other species? This evidence is reliable because according to research a cheetah is faster than an average human being, an eagle has a much better vision than an average human and a monkey is much more agile than an average human being (Taylor). In the aspect of moral rights and the matter of competing claims, Taylor argued that animals and plants should not be included in the class that have moral rights. He argued that there is no reason, why plants and animals, including whole species populations and life communities, cannot be accorded legal rights under my theory. This is a strong argument because to grant them legal protection could be interpreted as giving them legal entitlement to be protected, and this, in fact, would be a means by which a society that subscribed to the ethics of respect for nature could give public recognition to their inherent worth (James). The strength of this article is that it can be related to many aspect of the human race today in consideration to the definition of right and human rights today. Most of the term that was used in the article was well defined for example the definition of both life and human centered environmental ethics. There was also enough adequate support of his argument, for example in the way Taylor used the anthropocentric view to support his argument of life-centered environmental ethics. One weakness that I found in this article is the way the author went about relating his topic in order to make his argument more sufficient. The author should have stated in introduction that he will be using â€Å"the attitude of respect of nature†, â€Å"the good of being and the concept of worth† etc. to support his argument instead of jumping into the discussion. In conclusion, Taylor presented the foundational structures for a life-centered theory of environmental ethics. The structures according to Taylor are based on three categories which are related. The first part of the structure is called respect for nature, the second part of the structure is a belief system that constitutes a way of conceiving of the natural world and of our place in it and the third component is a system of moral rules and standards for guiding our treatment of those ecosystems and life communities, a set of normative principles which give concrete embodiment or expression to the attitude of re pect for nature . The author’s main purpose in this paper has been to try to establish a base point from which we can start working toward a solution to the problem. Most of the arguments that Taylor constructed in this paper are really convincing and was supported by evidence both scientific and philosophical evidence.

Life History Speech Essays

Life History Speech Essays Life History Speech Essay Life History Speech Essay Essay Topic: Notre Dame Life History Speech (Manuscript) INTRODUCTION Attention-Getting Statement: Some of us are not born with a silver spoon to eat from and must make the best of our surroundings. Did you ever look at how hard your parents worked for the little that they possessed? Is your job just a job that pay the bills yet offers little in the regards or self fulfillment. Credibility Statement: During the last thirty years I have had to make decisions which would ultimately decide my fate. One man has been there to answer the call for advice; my grandfather Walt. Connecting Statement: Most of us remember our grandparents as the ones who always loved us. Not parental love, unconditional Thesis Statement: My grandfather will not be written down in any history books; the men who fought by his side are now marked by a white cross Preview: I am now going to share with you the story of my stepfathers over-confidence as a youth, misfortunes throughout his life, and his eventual triumph. Transition: Ill now begin by describing the foundation of my stepfathers life, his youth. BODY Main Point #1: Growing up, Ed did not live in a typical household, unless you consider having a professional football star as your father typical. And if that were not bad enough, his uncle was also in the NFL at the time. Having such talent nearby molded his over-confidence in the sport of football. His parents met while his father played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and his mother was the football teams secretary. Soon after, Ed was born, practically with a football in his hand during the spring of 1967. As a youngster, he played in the backyard with his brother Matt, who would be born two years later. Ed would then go on to play on the mini football team for his hometown of Swoyersville. As he entered Wyoming Valley West High School, it was expected that he would play on their football team. He did, and after a successful four-year career as quarterback and tailback, the time had come to think about plans for college. Transition: Little did he know, that things would not go as planned, as Ill now explain. Main Point#2: Eds dream was to play for the University of Notre Dame; he cries every time he watches the move Rudy, and would naturally go on from there to play in the NFL. Being offered four scholarships, though none being from the school of his choice, Notre Dame would remain a dream. Instead of sitting around feeling sorry for himself, he would take what he and his parents thought was the best offer, and continue his career at the University of Delaware. He didnt get into the college that he wanted, but this never ruined his dream of the NFL, after all he had the football genes. He would then experience the biggest reality-check of his life with a serious back injury his freshman year. He would require surgery to repair a herniated disc, which would cause him to lose weight, speed, and size. By his sophomore year, he knew that Delaware was going to be the end of his football career. This was the finalization he feared that would take away all hope for a professional career. Transition: Let me now share how persistence helped him to obtain an enjoyable and satisfying life. Main Point #3: Ed was now at a crossroads in his life where he had to think about what he could do to stay in the sport of football without actually playing. He then decided if he could not play for a living, he would do the next best thing by coaching. Even though his fathers status couldnt get him into the NFL, his fathers connections would get him his first job. Beginning at Meyers High School as a part time substitute teacher and assistant coach, he moved onto land a permanent teaching position as well as head football coach for Wyoming Valley West. With the added responsibility of being a head coach comes a lot less time to spend with your family. This does not fly so well with my mother, but through it all, he still looks forward to getting up and going to work each and every day. Transition: In closing CONCLUSION Summary Statement: Today, I have shared with you the story of how one man rose to the top of his game in adolescence, met adversity in college, and ultimately gained personal success and happiness through perseverance. Concluding Remarks: After our interview, while still reflecting on all the highs and lows of his life, I then asked, Do you believe that everything happens for a reason? He quickly answered Yes, but its how you react to the missed plays in the game of life that makes you who you are.

Understanding Canadas Parliament and How Laws Are Made

Understanding Canadas Parliament and How Laws Are Made Canada is a  constitutional monarchy, which means that it recognizes the queen or king as the  head of state, while the prime minister is the  head of government.  Parliament is the legislative branch of the federal government in Canada. Canada’s Parliament consists of three parts: the Queen, the Senate and the House of Commons. As the legislative branch of the federal government, all three parts work together to make the laws for the country. Who Are the Members of Parliament? The Parliament of Canada is made up of the sovereign, represented by the governor-general of Canada, plus the House of Commons and the Senate. Parliament is the legislative, or law-making, branch of the federal government.   Canadas government has three branches. The members of Parliament, or parliamentarians, meet in Ottawa and work with the executive and judicial branches to run the national government.  The executive branch is the decision-making branch, consisting of the  sovereign,  the  prime minister  and the  Cabinet. The judicial branch is a series of  independent  courts that interpret the  laws  passed by the other branches. Canadas Two-Chamber System Canada has a  bicameral  parliamentary system. That means that there are two separate  chambers, each with its own group of  parliamentarians:  the  Senate  and the  House of Commons. Each chamber has a Speaker who acts as the presiding officer of the chamber. The prime minister recommends individuals to serve in the Senate, and the governor-general makes the appointments. A senator must be at least 30 years old and must retire by his or her  75th  birthday.  The Senate has 105 members, and the seats are distributed to give equal representation to the major regions of the country. In contrast, voters elect representatives to the House of Commons. These representatives are called Members of Parliament, or MPs.  With few exceptions, anyone who is qualified to vote can run for a seat in the House of Commons. Thus, a candidate needs to be at least 18 years old to run for an MP position.  Seats in the House of Commons are distributed in proportion to the population of each province and territory. In general, the more people in a province or territory, the more members it has in the House of Commons. The number of MPs varies, but every province or territory must have at least as many members in the House of Commons as it has in the Senate. Making Law in Canada Members of both the Senate and the  House of Commons propose, review and debate potential new laws. This includes opposition party members, who also may propose new laws and participate in the overall lawmaking process. To become law, a bill must pass through both chambers in a series of readings and debates, followed by careful study in committee and additional debate. Finally, the bill must receive royal assent, or final approval, by the governor-general before becoming  law.

Macro & Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macro & Micro economics - Essay Example The report also comments on the Government of China’s policy actions that are aimed at boosting the growth rate of the country’s economy (BBC, 2013). China's economy is the second-largest economy in the world. Currently, the country’s GDP has been estimated to be $12.38 trillion (according to the 2012 estimate) (CIA, 2013). However, recently the growth rate of the economy has slowed down significantly. After noting the declining performance level of the economy for the past few months, government has adopted certain policy prescriptions to improve the health of the economy. This paper discusses the main causes that lead to this issue and the level and pattern of impact that the problem casts on Chinese economy and society. The aggregate demand as well as the supply of goods and services in the economy is affected by this change in growth rate. The government is following expansionary monetary policy to improve investment climate in the economy and has increased l evel of public spending in order to increase domestic demand in the economy. Discussion on the economic problem issue China has depicted â€Å"soft growth momentum in the first quarter† (BBC, 2013) of 2013. ... Causes of the problem The article on BBC highlights two major concerns over the declining growth rate of the Chinese economy. Firstly, the economy has been heavily dependent on the export of various commodities and the major exports markets for the country are the USA and the European countries. The major items exported by the country are transport equipments, garments, accessories, toys, plastic products, machinery, rubber, textile, metallurgical products, Chemical products, fuel materials such as crude oil and refined oil, and food items (Peopledaily, 2001). China follows an export led growth and it has remained the largest contributor to the output of the global economy and accounts for nearly 3 percent of the global output. Although according to the International Monetary Fund, Chinese contribution to the global output is set to exceed that of USA, Germany and Japan; some economists have claimed in the past that the country would not be able to sustain its growth rate on the basi s of exports for a long time. After the financial crisis of 2009 that had hit the USA and the European countries hard, economic growth in these countries slowed down. These countries faced serious financial crunch and their import demand decreased. Therefore, the Chinese economy experienced a loss of in export market. This had a major impact on the economy and its performance. Since the exports in the Chinese economy weakened, different sectors in the economy slowed down their production rates and the total output in the economy decreased that is reflected in the country’s gross domestic product. The constant sluggishness of economic performance in these advanced countries,

Dolphins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dolphins - Research Paper Example Finally I will attempt a self- analysis of my writing development, research ability and improvement overall as a writer and researcher. As a result of the last three projects and the content of Writ1133 I’m much more comfortable with my knowledge and ease of use with the various perspectives of research and methodology. I have developed my own writing style and individual preferences for the type of research and perspective I prefer. The first assignment started with the selection of an animal that we wanted to continue to study through the next three projects. I chose the dolphin aware of the many resources available and extensive scientific studies done on their many communication abilities and already having an interest in the dolphin. The assignment then consisted of reviewing science or scientific perspective by locating scholarly journals or publications written in more technical language. I was then to abstract pertinent, interesting and related information and write this in an easy to understand way for my intended audience, which at this time being class mates. It was important to use non-technical and expert writing for this assignment. I was to define my target audience and how I might use pathos to reach and grab their attention and also decide how to appeal to their values. The second project was to use five sources and create a literature review using an ‘artifact’ of something that contained the dolphin. Ideas or/and themes were to be represented and I was to create an analysis of the dolphins role in the text I selected. This project was to use a humanistic perspective and analysis was to be supported with evidence from the text and from research. Some possible questions to answer were how the animal is represented and also why is the animal being represented in the artifact? Project three focused on

Individual interviewsversus group interviews Essay

Individual interviewsversus group interviews - Essay Example Individual interviews are also found to be an appropriate form of data collection in the event that an interviewer needs to ask a number of follow up questions. During individual interviews, there is no significant time delay between when a question is first posed by the interviewer and when the interviewee answers it. Both the interviewer and the interviewee can be able to immediately react to what the other happens to be saying. A key advantage to his synchronous communication is identified as being the fact that the answers provided by the interviewee are found to be more spontaneous without having any extended reflection (Harris, 2013). Group interview or focus groups would be deemed to be more appropriate or be beneficial when used in addition to individual interviews in the event that the interview wants to determine how the different candidates are able to interact with each other in a group setting. The interviewer may ask the interviews to work together towards the resolution of problems. This will provide an opportunity whereby the interviewer will be able to observe and very carefully note how each individual performs. Group interview are found be more appropriate in the event that an interviewer wishes to reduce the amount of time it takes to conduct the interview. Individual interviews tend to take a lot of time but with group interviews, a number of candidates can all be interviewed at one go (Denscombe,

Process Centered Organizations Essay Example for Free

Process Centered Organizations Essay Process Centered Organizations are planned to create maximum value, innovation and development. A Process Centered Organization can sustain its processes at a high level. A process centered organizational design sorts out the best blend of structure and process. By carrying out a process-centered cycle, healthcare organizations can achieve their goals by changing the way workflow is defined and the way the people working in these organizations perceive their roles. In all healthcare organizations, the focal point is the patient. From a patient’s perspective, how much he or she is valued is important. Healthcare organizations around the globe are making efforts to satisfy their customers in the best possible ways. But modern times require these organizations to engage in the use of knowledge, skills, tools, techniques and systems to improve and direct processes towards creating value for the patient. One such example of a healthcare organization is Eastern Maine Medical Center (EMMC), Bangor, Maine. The organization in fact received the 2008 HIMSS Davies Award. This prestigious award is given to selected hospitals in the United States for effectively using information technology to improve the safety and quality of patient care. EMMC represents an immaculate example of how to apply and make use of electronic health records (EHR) along with other technologies in order to ensure delivery of quality and evidence based healthcare. The EHR system was installed as part of EMMC’s Patient First Initiatives Program. This was an effort to provide high quality patient care by changing care delivery, adopting a patient-focused culture and implementing a technology plan to support the care delivery process. EMMC’s use of data derived from its healthcare IT systems is a shining example of how to drive performance improvement, quality and improve care in response to state and national reporting requirements. †(HIMMS news, 2008) Eric Hartz, MD, EMMC chief medical information officer, says this award is a crowning achievement for EMMC’s employees. He emphasized that in the end, it is the patients of the region who will benefit from EMMC. The organizations staff worked hard for nearly a decade to implement the most advanced computer systems on the market to allow instantaneous sharing of health information among all healthcare providers involved in a patient’s care. When the software that was currently available wasn’t doing the job we wanted, we challenged our vendors to work with us to build something better. It has been a tremendous collaboration, said MR. Hartz. The services offered by these new systems are incredible. For example they improved ratio from electronic to hand written orders from 5:1 to 14:1. It eliminated 160 minutes from order writing to pharmacy receipt of orders, plus the average time for pharmacist review decreased 52 percent, from 50. 8 minutes to 24. 3 minutes. It also decreased overall medication incidents by 27 percent etc. (Cerner, 2008) The new systems in EMMC offer decision-support to help guarantee that patients receive the safest and best care achievable. EMMC’s providers and staff spent numerous hours working on the clinical systems to continuously make them better. They involved themselves and participated with the organizations experts in the information systems department and this allowed them to streamline all their processes and improve employee productivity. After several years of preparation, improvement, and execution, the nurses, physicians, and other healthcare professionals adopted advancements in information technology. They are now helping to bring the latest advancements and technology in patient care to the people who arrive at the doorstep of their hospital from any side of Maine. In process centering, processes are not newly created by organizations; in fact existing processes are modernized to meet the organizations goals. What process centering does is to modify the perception and bring the process into focus. And this is exactly what EMMC did in order to provide higher levels of satisfactions to their patients and customers.

My son, my executioner Essay -- Literary Analysis, Donald Hall

From a global viewpoint, the passing of generations of the human race is a smooth and natural cycle, one generation bringing another generation into this world, as they themselves begin to leave it. From the perspective of the individual, however, this cycle can bring about a mixture of feelings, from pride to depression, as they watch their own lives fall second to that of their children. Donald Hall’s â€Å"My son, my executioner† and Rita Dove’s â€Å"Daystar† describe how the birth and growth of a child is a massive turning point in a person’s life and can be looked at as either the continuance of one’s legacy or the withering of one’s own life, depending on the viewpoint. Donald Hall’s â€Å"My son, my executioner† describes the speaker’s acknowledgement that the arrival of the speaker’s son signals the beginning of the speaker’s own coming death, but muses that the child will carry on their legacy. The speaker holds the child â€Å"in [their] arms† (line 4) and reflects upon the situation. The speaker refers to the son as their â€Å"instrument of immortality† (line 6), its â€Å"cries and hunger† (line ...

My environment MY responsibility Essay

Good morning to Mr. Principal,teachers and students. Thank you for Mr. Principal for giving me a chance to present our speach on My environment MY responsibility. we come up with three categories of environment, where it includes the natural environment, built environment which involving the act of vandalism and social environment along with some suggestion on how we can improve these situations. As we talking about natural environment nowadays, we have to reflect ourselves on what we have done before this to the natural environment itself. Being such an irresponsible person or students who like to throw the rubbish everywhere, practice open burning and step on the grass that has been prohibited, it makes the environment become worst day by day. As we reflect back, this is all because our attitude itself. If we can change our attitude, I absolutely believe that we can also make a difference. Furthermore, what we have to bear in our mind is that, being a student is not just learning things in the class, but we also have to learn on how to manage our nature or our respective land or in other words our environment itself because we live in this world as a community and we are not alone. Thus, we should consider certain things to make sure that all the people can live in peace without being disturb by the others or by our attitude that can gives an impact to the society itself. In order to preserve and conserve the environment, we as a student should practice an environmental – friendly lifestyle. In this situation, if we practice this, we can avoid ourselves from doing things It is the responsibility of every person in checking the causes that affect the environmental disaster and play a positive role in improving it and these things have also got to be mentioned. One must realize the importance of a healthy environment and that it is for his/her own benefit to protect it and to take measures to make the world clean and green because as the proverb says â€Å"We won’t have a society if we destroy the environment†.

Wendigo: Cannibalism in Native American Folklore

Wendigo Cannibalism in Native American Folklore Connor Downie EN156-01: Mythology Professor Quinn 30March13 Lurking in the deep woods of the Northern United States and Southern Canada lies a mysterious and fearsome Native American monster, the Wendigo. The Wendigo is by far one of the most mysterious and feared monsters in not only in the Algonquian folklore which it is attributed to, but also other indigenous populations all over the world.Although this creature goes by many names in the Native American Tribes, including Wechuge (Athapaskan Beaver), Windigo (Algonkian), Witiko (Sekani), Wittikow (Cree), Wintuc (Lenape), Wintiko (Objibwa), and others, it is represented in the folklore of many cultures. For the sake of simplicity, the term Wendigo (Woodland Cree) will be used throughout this paper. Native Americans lived in harmony with the land around them, and their legends and stories showed the necessity to preserve that harmony, and the consequences of failing to do such.The stor y and idea behind the Wendigo is no exception to this; being an â€Å"unnatural† and dysfunctional part of life. This paper will observe and analyze the role of the Wendigo in Native American legend as well as the effect that it had on, not only the Natives Americans, but those who came into contact and studied the tribes. The Wendigo According to legend, a Wendigo is neither a man nor non-human, but rather something in between.A fully transformed Wendigo is most often described as a giant creature standing between eight and thirty feet tall, possessing incredible strength and speed, large claws and a body that looks like a skeleton with ash-toned skin. However, in any stage of transformation, it is most easily identified by its ravenous and continuous hunger for human flesh (Atwood 84). A Wendigo’s hunger is believed to be so insatiable that one of first things it consumes is its own lips (Carlson 359). For Native Americans, encountering a Wendigo, whether by accident or on purpose, could e the last mistake you ever make. You cannot outrun or outwit a Wendigo; and according to most stories, you are unable to talk or plead with the creature due to the fact it has lost the capacity for human speech after a long period of isolation (Atwood 84). However, that does not mean they are intelligent. The amount of time they have spent alone in forced isolation has made them the perfect hunter. They do not pursue their victims with inchoate frenzy but rather use superior cunning and an advanced knowledge of their game's desires and weaknesses.They hunt people with the cultural strategy and intelligence that people use to hunt animals (Ridington 110). Their hunting skills are only amplified by their extreme elusiveness and ability to survive in the harshest of climates. They are the epitome of everything to be afraid of in the woods. The original Wendigos can be found in the Pawnee creation myth, as the creatures that came before the Pawnee and were destroy ed by the Creator Tirdwa. â€Å"The men of the present era were not the original inhabitants of the earth.They were preceded by another race – people of great size and strength. These were so swift of foot, and so powerful, that they could easily run down and kill the buffalo†¦ The race of giants had no respect for the Ruler. On the contrary, they derided and insulted him in every way possible. When the sun rose, or when it thundered and rained, they would defy him. They had great confidence in their own powers, and believed that they were able to cope with the Creator. As they increased in numbers they grew more defiant, and at length became so bad that Tirdwa determined to destroy them.This he attempted to do at first by shooting the lightning at them; but the bolts glanced aside from their bodies without injuring them. When he found that they could not be killed by that means, he sent a great rain, which destroyed them by drowning (Grinnell 122). According to legend, a few of these giants managed to escape the flood and the Wendigos managed to survive. As the Creator made the new species of man, the original Pawnee, these giants shrunk back into the wilderness, emerging only occasionally to feed on the unsuspecting human.There are two kinds of Wendigos, Non-Human and Human. The first human Wendigo is sometimes said to have been a man who, driven mad by hunger and snow blindness, mistook his family for a group of beavers, killed and ate them (Smith 68). Human Wendigos do not always take on the traditional described appearance unless they are exposed to the severe isolation required to drive the person mad. Most human Wendigos mostly retain their human features, and instead only experience the desire for loneliness and a craving for human flesh.Also common to stories, both in legend and those recorded by persons studying native tribes, was the belief that a person transforming into a Wendigo had lost permanent control over their own actions and t hat the only possible solution is death (Ridington 108). Many people, fearing that they would bring harm to their family, begged for death rather than face a full transformation. Human Wendigos, although powerful, can be killed by dismemberment and the burning the remains to prevent the evil spirit from ever returning to the earth (Atwood 85).In the majority of stories that result in the death of a Wendigo, that Wendigo was at one time a human. Other traditional cures involved the consumption of copious amounts of hot grease from sources such as bear fat, melted deer tallow, and sturgeon oil (Atwood 85). Non-Human Wendigos are seen as the original Wendigos that were around before the first humans. These creatures are considered to be much more powerful than their human counterparts, and were able to inhabit and attack the dreams of their victims. These creatures rarely appear in legends, but rather are blamed for the actions of a possessed person.Killing a non-human Wendigo was not easy and stories celebrated the bravery of those who acted as bait in Wendigo traps. Algonquians often had great battles and had to employ the help of shamans (Podruchny 690). It is important to note that non-human Wendigos are considered by Native Americans to be Otherworldly, and on the same degree as the spirits that inhabit the spirit world alongside the Creator. Origins and Folklore The earliest reference to Wendigo occurs as an entry in the Powhatan dictionary appended to Strachey's Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania.The original word was wintekowa, meaning â€Å"owl† in Algonquian. For many natives, especially member of the Cree Nation, Owl calls were precursors of the deaths of individuals, and thus owls were seen as the sign of a coming Wendigo. Owls, like Wendigos, are formidable predators and possess large glistening eyes, and therefore became synonymous with the same (Brightman 341). The word Wendigo itself is derived from the Cree word wihtikowiw, meaning â€Å"he eats greedily†, which may explain the reason why ost believed to be Wendigos were isolated from the community before they consumed everything the community had. Native American Tribes lived in harmony with the land and the creatures around them. All tribes believed that upsetting the natural order of the world would cause severe disarray and eventually would lead to the destruction of the world. To counter this, hunters and gatherers would take only what they needed, waste nothing, and praise the creator for allowing them to be worthy to take such.Animals were held in high regard, not only for their gifts of food, clothing, and other materials, but also for the powers endowed upon them by the creator. Eating the flesh of an animal was said to transmit to persons, under appropriate circumstances, desired attributes of the species. For example, raw moose blood is said to impart onto the hunter a kind of invisibility relative to the perceptions of game animals, thus al lowing the hunter greater luck in the successful hunting of animals due to his increased stealthy abilities (Brightman 364).Like the flesh of any other animal, human flesh was believed to possess a Great Spirit power that is acquired through consumption of the tissue or organs. Eating human flesh would exacerbate the powers already present in the human consumer; endowing the Wendigo physical and spiritual abilities to overcome and eat human prey. In essence, a human’s abilities were multiplied and would eventually cause them to expand out of control and transform the person into a Wendigo (Brightman 364).The Wendigo often appears in stories in legends, but unlike most other mythical creatures, its purpose was less to teach moral values, and more to impart upon members of a community the consequences from straying from the natural order of life and defiance of the rules of the community. There are three kinds of stories in which a Wendigo is a part of. The first kind of story, involves a Wendigo which may be presented as a manifestation of the environment; the spirit is a spirit of place. In these stories, meeting up with a Wendigo carries no more moral weight than meeting up with a bear.If you get eaten, about all that can be said of you is that you ought to have been less unlucky (Atwood 86). In the second kind of story, a Wendigo appears as a warning or as a message to the protagonist. In these stories, if you get eaten by a Wendigo, the audience doesn’t feel sorry for you, because it was your own fault for getting eaten. These stories served to send the message that if you behaved and followed the rules like you were supposed to, such a thing would never happen to you (Atwood 86).The third kind of story the Wendigo is a fragment of the protagonist's psyche, and represents part of their subconscious that is made public to teach a lesson. In these stories, human beings who have â€Å"become a Wendigo † have not actually transformed, but i n fact worried so much that the creature they have feared or dreamed about splits off from the rest of their personality, destroys it, and becomes manifested through the person’s body (Atwood 86). These were used to teach lessons in regards to gluttony, loneliness, and other behaviors seen by natives to be unnatural and destructive.Wendigo stories express the danger and isolation of living in the subarctic wilderness as well as taboos against cannibalism (Ferrara 77). The Wendigo was seen as the personification of winter, hunger, spiritual selfishness, and isolation (Atwood 85). Winter is a time of scarcity in both food and warmth, and was considered by the natives to be one of the most necessary times for a community to band together to survive the harshness. A scarcity of materials would give rise to hunger; forcing people to either share what they had with each other for the good of the group, or hoard what they had for their own sakes.The choice to hoard, and act of selfi shness, was seen as an act of defiance not only against a group, but the Creator himself. The penalty for such a choice was being ostracized and isolated from the remainder of the community, and in some cases, death. Transformation According to lore, there are four recorded ways to be transformed into a Wendigo, either human or non-human. Most methods of transformation include large amounts of stress or pain, both mental and physical, and a long transformation period that may not occur all at once.In order to become a non-human Wendigo, one must either be born a Wendigo, or be eaten by a Wendigo. Although an individual Wendigo may once have been a man or a woman, once fully transformed they no longer have any evidence of gender (Atwood 84). Because of this, there is no recorded lore of Wendigos ever giving birth to new Wendigos, other than the Pawnee origins legend in regards to Wendigos inhabiting the world before man. Because of this, most non-human Wendigos are said to be the ori ginals that have survived for hundreds of years. The other method is to be eaten by a Wendigo and have our now â€Å"evil spirit† enter the otherworld. A person suffering this fate becomes the Native equivalent of a Demon and possesses humans through dreams and thoughts. Thoughts of the Wendigo are said to drive a person mad with anxiety about becoming a Wendigo, to the point that they give in to the desires to consume other people (Ferrara 79). Native Shamans were notorious in legends for using their ability to communicate with the spirits in order to send one of these creatures into the dreams of another, thus tormenting them with the thought of being transformed.To become a human Wendigo is much worse a fate than a non-human Wendigo. To become such, a human must either consume human flesh, or be bitten by a Wendigo. The reason for the consumption of human flesh is irrelevant, as soon as it passes your lips, you fate is essentially sealed. Legends of this kind of transforma tion speak of people starving from a lack of food, who eventually give in to the desire for food and eat their companions or family members. Like the stories of the Loup Garou or French word for werewolf, a Wendigo bite served as another way for one to be transformed into one of these creatures.However, unlike werewolves, a human was unable to transform back into a human once the transformation had begun (Podruchny 681). Both being bitten and the consumption of human flesh was said to not be instantaneous but rather a lengthy process, signaled by a period of strange emotions and behaviors by the possessed person that served as a series of warnings to others (Ferrara 79). The Wendigo in Reality In 1767, Alexander Henry observed an Ojibwa man who had killed and eaten four relatives during a food crisis. Henry recorded the actions of the tribe in his journal. The Indians entertain an opinion that the man who has once made human flesh his food will never afterwards be satisfied with any other†¦ He ate with relish nothing that was given to him but, indifferent to the food prepared, fixed his eyes continually on the children which were in the Indian lodge, and frequently exclaimed, ‘How fat they are! ’†¦ Be this as it may, his behavior was considered, and not less naturally, as marked with the most alarming symptoms; and the Indians, apprehensive that he would prey on these children, resolved on putting him to death (Brightman 348). The tribe was so scared of the unnaturalness of the man’s actions that they had him killed. Not unlike the Salem Witch Trials, those suspected of being a Wendigo were given little or no chance to defend themselves. They were immediately outcast from the group and treated like they were infected with some sort of disease. In many cases, acts of cannibalism were not actually witnessed, but rather reported by the suspected individual or other persons, or didn’t even occur at all. In seventy cases reporte d, 44 involved an actual act of cannibalism.In 26 cases, or 37 percent the potential Wendigo either recovered or was killed to prevent cannibalism (Rohrl 98). Around the time of Freud, psychologists began to analyze the stories and multiple cases regarding the Wendigo. Many noted that the common link between most cases was a psychological weakness and breakdown of the normally functioning personality (Ridington 107). From these psychologists, emerged the term â€Å"Wendigo Psychosis† which was used to describe the mental state of persons suspected or convicted of being a Wendigo.People suspected of suffering from this were often described as being â€Å"Bushed† or suffering from â€Å"Cabin Fever† (Atwood 87). For most, in order to reach such a breakdown of mind required large amounts of time spent apart from others, usually in harsh or near fatal conditions. The compulsive desire and craving for human flesh that appears in many of the Wendigo cases may point to a psychotic breakdown of normal emotions, motivations, and satisfactions in people who kill or are killed as cannibal monsters.However, unlike many other psychotic breakdowns, Wendigo behavior it is believed to be genuine and real by the members of society as well as by the afflicted individual (Ridington 128). More recently however, another possible reason for the actions of those believed to be Wendigos was uncovered, a lack of proper diet. Meat, and especially fatty meat, is essential to the diet of the Eskimo and of Northern Athapaskan Indians. Researchers claimed that a fat deficiency could lead to headache, and, in four to eight weeks, ultimately death (Rohrl 100).Was the reason for the actions of some not necessarily motivated by extreme hunger, but rather a lack of proper nutrition? It has been demonstrated that a drop in the blood sugar level can lead to many psychic phenomena, including depressive states, anxiety, and â€Å"other symptoms that have been lumped together a s ‘neuroses (Rohrl 100). The accepted conclusion is that although persons suffering from Wendigo Psychosis have experienced a large amount of mental stress, the fearsome creature itself does not in fact exist.Like many other mythological creatures, the Wendigo was placed in Native American legend to explain things that the natives could not understand at the time, and to enforce the rules of the community. Psychologist Lou Marano ultimately went further in a 1982 article stating that Wendigos had never existed, at least as people overcome by cannibal desires. Instead, he adopted a functionalist interpretation (influenced by scholarship on the Salem Witch trials), arguing that the Wendigo was a phenomenon that allowed Algonquians to kill the marginal, the mentally ill, and the unpopular (Smallman 575).Works Cited Atwood, Margret. â€Å"Cannibal Lecture. † Saturday Night 110. 9 (1995): 81-90. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Brightman, Robert A. â€Å"The Windigo in the Materia l World. † Ethnohistory 35. 4 (1988): 337-79. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Carlson, Nathan D. â€Å"Reviving Witiko (Windigo): An Ethnohistory of â€Å"Cannibal Monsters† in the Athabasca District of Northern Alberta, 1878–1910. † Ethnohistory 56. 3 (2009): 355-94. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ferrara, Nadia, and Guy Lanoue. â€Å"The Self in Northern Canadian Hunting Societies: ‘Cannibals' and Other ‘Monsters' as Agents of Healing. 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